Perinatal Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Diagnoses Among Commercially Insured People Increased, 2008-20.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a burdensome disorder, affecting 3-4 percent of delivering people in the US, with higher rates seen among Black and Hispanic people. The extent of clinical diagnosis remains unknown. We describe the temporal and racial and ethnic trends in perinatal PTSD diagnoses among commercially insured people with live-birth deliveries during the period 2008-20, using administrative claims from Optum's Clinformatics Data Mart Database. Predicted probabilities from our logistic regression analysis showed a 394 percent increase in perinatal PTSD diagnoses, from 37.7 per 10,000 deliveries in 2008 to 186.3 per 10,000 deliveries in 2020. White people had the highest diagnosis rate at all time points (208.0 per 10,000 deliveries in 2020), followed by Black people, people with unknown race, Hispanic people, and Asian people (188.7, 171.9, 146.9, and 79.8 per 10,000 deliveries in 2020, respectively). The significant growth in perinatal PTSD diagnosis rates may reflect increased awareness, diagnosis, or prevalence of the disorder. However, these rates fall well below the estimated prevalence of PTSD in the perinatal population.

Antidepressant Prescriptions Increased For Privately Insured People With Perinatal Mood And Anxiety Disorder, 2008-20.

We aimed to determine whether antidepressant prescriptions for perinatal mood and anxiety disorder (PMAD) increased after several professional organizations issued clinical recommendations in 2015 and 2016. This serial, cross-sectional, logistic regression analysis evaluated changes in antenatal and postpartum antidepressant prescriptions among commercially insured people who had a live-birth delivery as well as a PMAD diagnosis during the period 2008-20. For people with antenatal PMAD, the odds of an antenatal antidepressant prescription decreased 3 percent annually from 2008 to 2016 and increased by 32 percent in 2017, and the annual rate of change increased 5 percent for 2017-20 compared with 2008-16. For people with postpartum PMAD, the odds of a postpartum antidepressant prescription decreased 2 percent annually from 2008 to 2016 and experienced no significant change in 2017, but the annual rate of change increased 3 percent for 2017-20 compared with 2008-16. The clinical recommendations issued in 2015 and 2016 were associated with increased antidepressant prescriptions for PMAD, particularly for antenatal PMAD. These findings indicate that clinical recommendations represent an effective tool for changing prescribing patterns.

Continuous Medicaid Eligibility During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Postpartum Coverage, Health Care, and Outcomes.

Importance: Pursuant to the Families First Coronavirus Response Act (FFCRA), continuous Medicaid eligibility during the COVID-19 public health emergency (PHE) created a de facto national extension of pregnancy Medicaid eligibility beyond 60 days postpartum. Objective: To evaluate the association of continuous Medicaid eligibility with postpartum health insurance, health care use, breastfeeding, and depressive symptoms. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study using a generalized difference-in-differences design included 21 states with continuous prepolicy (2017-2019) and postpolicy (2020-2021) participation in the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS). Exposures: State-level change in Medicaid income eligibility after 60 days postpartum associated with the FFCRA measured as a percent of the federal poverty level (FPL; ie, the difference in 2020 income eligibility thresholds for pregnant people and low-income adults/parents). Main Outcomes and Measures: Health insurance, postpartum visit attendance, contraceptive use (any effective method; long-acting reversible contraceptives), any breastfeeding and depressive symptoms at the time of the PRAMS survey (mean [SD], 4 [1.3] months postpartum). Results: The sample included 47 716 PRAMS respondents (64.4% aged <30 years; 18.9% Hispanic, 26.2% non-Hispanic Black, 36.3% non-Hispanic White, and 18.6% other race or ethnicity) with a Medicaid-paid birth. Based on adjusted estimates, a 100% FPL increase in postpartum Medicaid eligibility was associated with a 5.1 percentage point (pp) increase in reported postpartum Medicaid enrollment, no change in commercial coverage, and a 6.6 pp decline in uninsurance. This represents a 40% reduction in postpartum uninsurance after a Medicaid-paid birth compared with the prepolicy baseline of 16.7%. In subgroup analyses by race and ethnicity, uninsurance reductions were observed only among White and Black non-Hispanic individuals; Hispanic individuals had no change. No policy-associated changes were observed in other outcomes. Conclusions and Relevance: In this cohort study, continuous Medicaid eligibility during the COVID-19 PHE was associated with significantly reduced postpartum uninsurance for people with Medicaid-paid births, but was not associated with postpartum visit attendance, contraception use, breastfeeding, or depressive symptoms at approximately 4 months postpartum. These findings, though limited to the context of the COVID-19 PHE, may offer preliminary insight regarding the potential impact of post-pandemic postpartum Medicaid eligibility extensions. Collection of longer-term and more comprehensive follow-up data on postpartum health care and health will be critical to evaluating the effect of ongoing postpartum policy interventions.

Comparing approaches to identify live births using the Transformed Medicaid Statistical Information System.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the performance of different approaches for identifying live births using Transformed Medicaid Statistical Information System Analytic Files (TAF). DATA SOURCES: The primary data source for this study were TAF inpatient (IP), other services (OT), and demographic and eligibility files. These data contain administrative claims for Medicaid enrollees in all 50 states and the District of Columbia from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2018. STUDY DESIGN: We compared five approaches for identifying live birth counts obtained from the TAF IP and OT data with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Natality data-the gold standard for birth counts at the state level. DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS: The five approaches used varying combinations of diagnosis and procedure, revenue, and place of service codes to identify live births. Approaches 1 and 2 follow guidance developed by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). Approaches 3 and 4 build on the approaches developed by CMS by including all inpatient hospital claims in the OT file and excluding codes related to delivery services for infants, respectively. Approach 5 applied Approach 4 to only the IP file. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Approach 4, which included all inpatient hospital claims in the OT file and excluded codes related to infants to identify deliveries, achieved the best match of birth counts relative to CDC birth record data, identifying 1,656,794 live births-a national overcount of 3.6%. Approaches 1 and 3 resulted in larger overcounts of births (20.5% and 4.5%), while Approaches 2 and 5 resulted in undercounts of births (-3.4% and -6.8%). CONCLUSIONS: Including claims from both the IP and OT files, and excluding codes unrelated to the delivery episode and those specific to services rendered to infants improves accuracy of live birth identification in the TAF data.

Consistency and Adequacy of Public and Commercial Health Insurance for US Children, 2016 to 2021.

Importance: Before and during the COVID-19 public health emergency (PHE), commercially and publicly insured children may have faced different challenges in obtaining consistent and adequate health insurance. Objective: To compare overall rates, COVID-19 PHE-related changes, and child and family characteristics associated with inconsistent and inadequate coverage for publicly and commercially insured children. Design, Settings, and Participants: This was a cross-sectional study using nationally representative data from the 2016 to 2021 National Survey of Children's Health of children from age 0 to 17 years living in noninstitutional settings. Exposure: Parent- or caregiver-reported current child health insurance type defined as public or commercial. Main Outcomes and Measures: Inconsistent insurance, defined as having an insurance gap in the past year; and inadequate insurance, defined by failure to meet 3 criteria: (1) benefits usually/always sufficient to meet child's needs; (2) coverage usually/always allows child to access needed health care practitioners; and (3) no or usually/always reasonable annual out-of-pocket payments for child's health care. Survey-weighted logistic regression was used to compare outcomes by insurance type, by year (2020-2021 vs 2016-2019), and by child characteristics within insurance type. Results: Of this nationally representative sample of 203 691 insured children, 34.5% were publicly insured (mean [SD] age, 8.4 [4.1] years; 47.4% female) and 65.5% were commercially insured (mean [SD] age, 8.7 [5.6]; 49.1% female). Most publicly insured children were either non-Hispanic Black (20.9%) or Hispanic (36.4%); living with 2 married parents (38.4%) or a single parent (33.1%); and had a household income less than 200% of the federal poverty level (79%). Most commercially insured children were non-Hispanic White (62.8%), living with 2 married parents (79.0%); and had a household income of 400% of the federal poverty level or higher (49.1%). Compared with commercially insured children, publicly insured children had higher rates of inconsistent coverage (4.2% vs 1.4%; difference, 2.7 percentage points [pp]; 95% CI, 2.3 to 3.2) and lower rates of inadequate coverage (12.2% vs 33.0%; difference, -20.8 pp; 95% CI, -21.6 to -20.0). Compared with the period from 2016 to 2019, inconsistent insurance decreased by 42% for publicly insured children and inadequate insurance decreased by 6% for commercially insured children during the COVID-19 PHE (2020-2021). The child and family characteristics associated with inadequate and inconsistent insurance varied by insurance type. Conclusions and Relevance: The findings of this cross-sectional study indicate that insurance gaps are a particular problem for publicly insured children, whereas insurance inadequacy and particularly, out-of-pocket costs are a challenge for commercially insured children. Both challenges improved during the COVID-19 PHE. Improving children's health coverage after the PHE will require policy solutions that target the unique needs of commercially and publicly insured children.

Association of the Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act and the Affordable Care Act on severe maternal morbidity.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to characterize the association between Mental Health Parity and the Affordable Care Act and rates of severe maternal morbidity among a population of commercially insured individuals, including individuals with and without perinatal mood and anxiety disorders. METHODS: We conducted a serial, cross-sectional analysis of individuals with an inpatient delivery in Optum's Clinformatics® Data Mart Database from 2008 to 2021. We applied an interrupted time series model with autoregressive integrated moving average to evaluate changes in quarterly severe maternal morbidity rates. RESULTS: Adjusted severe maternal morbidity rates declined from 167.2 (95%CI: [152.6, 181.9]) per 10,000 deliveries in the first quarter of 2008 to 98.2 (95%CI: [83.5, 112.8]) per 10,000 deliveries in the last quarter of 2021. Severe maternal morbidity rates remained higher, but declined to a greater degree, among those with perinatal mood and anxiety disorders (435.6, 95%CI: [379.9, 491.3], to 165.0, 95%CI: [109.3, 220.8] per 10,000 deliveries) compared to those without (153.0, 95%CI: [140.7, 165.3] to 81.8, 95%CI: [69.6, 94.1] per 10,000 deliveries). CONCLUSION: The observed association suggests implementation of Mental Health Parity and Affordable Care Act may have played a role in lowering rates of severe maternal morbidity, particularly among individuals with perinatal mood and anxiety disorders.

Late Postpartum Coverage Loss Before COVID-19: Implications For Medicaid Unwinding.

Using unique Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System follow-up data from before the COVID-19 pandemic, we found that only 68 percent of prenatal Medicaid enrollees maintained continuous Medicaid coverage through nine or ten months postpartum. Of the prenatal Medicaid enrollees who lost coverage in the early postpartum period, two-thirds remained uninsured nine to ten months postpartum. State postpartum Medicaid extensions could prevent a return to prepandemic rates of postpartum coverage loss.

Using Modernized Medicaid Data to Advance Evidence-Based Improvements in Maternal Health.

Medicaid is the primary payor for nearly half of all births in the United States and plays a disproportionate role in covering maternity care for low-income people, rural people, and minoritized racial groups. Newly available, modernized Medicaid claims data-the Transformed Medicaid Statistical Information System Analytic Files (TAF)-offer a significant opportunity to conduct novel research that can drive the development of evidence-based programs and policies for Medicaid beneficiaries before, during, and after pregnancy. Yet, the public health research community has so far underused the TAF for maternal health research. We provide an overview of the TAF and how they compare to other major data sets available to study maternal health. We highlight some major limitations of the TAF and offer strategies to maximize the potential of these novel data to accelerate timely, rigorous research to improve maternal health and health equity. (Am J Public Health. 2023;113(7):805-810. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2023.307287).

State Variation in Severe Maternal Morbidity Among Individuals With Medicaid Insurance.

OBJECTIVE: To measure variation in delivery-related severe maternal morbidity (SMM) among individuals with Medicaid insurance by state and by race and ethnicity across and within states. METHODS: We conducted a pooled, cross-sectional analysis of the 2016-2018 TAF (Transformed Medicaid Statistical Information System Analytic Files). We measured overall and state-level rates of SMM without blood transfusion for all individuals with Medicaid insurance with live births in 49 states and Washington, DC. We also examined SMM rates among non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White individuals with Medicaid insurance in a subgroup of 27 states (and Washington, DC). We generated unadjusted rates of composite SMM and the individual indicators of SMM that comprised the composite. Rate differences and rate ratios were calculated to compare SMM rates for non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White individuals with Medicaid insurance. RESULTS: The overall rate of SMM without blood transfusion was 146.2 (95% CI 145.1-147.3) per 10,000 deliveries (N=4,807,143). Rates of SMM ranged nearly threefold, from 80.3 (95% CI 71.4-89.2) per 10,000 deliveries in Utah to 210.4 (95% CI 184.6-236.1) per 10,000 deliveries in Washington, DC. Non-Hispanic Black individuals with Medicaid insurance (n=629,774) experienced a higher overall rate of SMM (212.3, 95% CI 208.7-215.9) compared with non-Hispanic White individuals with Medicaid insurance (n=1,051,459); (125.3, 95% CI 123.2-127.4) per 10,000 deliveries (rate difference 87.0 [95% CI 82.8-91.2]/10,000 deliveries; rate ratio 1.7 [95% CI 1.7-1.7]). The leading individual indicator of SMM among all individuals with Medicaid insurance was eclampsia, although the leading indicators varied across states and by race and ethnicity. Many states were concordant in leading indicators among the overall, non-Hispanic Black, and non-Hispanic White populations (ie, in Oklahoma sepsis was the leading indicator for all three). Most states, however, were discordant in leading indicators across the three groups (ie, in Texas eclampsia was the leading indicator overall, pulmonary edema or acute heart failure was the leading indicator among the non-Hispanic Black population, and sepsis was the leading indicator among the non-Hispanic White population). CONCLUSION: Interventions aimed at reducing SMM and, ultimately, mortality among individuals with Medicaid insurance may benefit from the data generated from this study, which highlights states that have the greatest burden of SMM, the differences in rates among non-Hispanic Black populations compared with non-Hispanic White populations, and the leading indicators of SMM overall, by state, and by race and ethnicity.

Rural and Urban Differences in Insurance Coverage at Prepregnancy, Birth, and Postpartum.

OBJECTIVE: To measure insurance coverage at prepregnancy, birth, and postpartum, and insurance coverage continuity across these periods among rural and urban U.S. residents. METHODS: We performed a pooled, cross-sectional analysis of survey data from 154,992 postpartum individuals in 43 states and two jurisdictions that participated in the 2016-2019 PRAMS (Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System). We calculated unadjusted estimates of insurance coverage (Medicaid, commercial, or uninsured) during three periods (prepregnancy, birth, and postpartum), as well as insurance continuity across these periods among rural and urban U.S. residents. We conducted subgroup analyses to compare uninsurance rates among rural and urban residents by sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. We used logistic regression models to generate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for each comparison. RESULTS: Rural residents experienced greater odds of uninsurance in each period and continuous uninsurance across all three periods, compared with their urban counterparts. Uninsurance was higher among rural residents compared with urban residents during prepregnancy (15.4% vs 12.1%; aOR 1.19, 95% CI 1.11-1.28], at birth (4.6% vs 2.8%; aOR 1.60, 95% CI 1.41-1.82), and postpartum (12.7% vs 9.8%, aOR 1.27, 95% CI 1.17-1.38]. In each period, rural residents who were non-Hispanic White, married, and with intended pregnancies experienced greater adjusted odds of uninsurance compared with their urban counterparts. Rural-urban differences in uninsurance persisted across both Medicaid expansion and non-expansion states, and among those with varying levels of education and income. Rural inequities in perinatal coverage were experienced by Hispanic, English-speaking, and Indigenous individuals during prepregnancy and at birth. CONCLUSION: Perinatal uninsurance disproportionately affects rural residents, compared with urban residents, in the 43 states examined. Differential insurance coverage may have important implications for addressing rural-urban inequities in maternity care access and maternal health.

Maternal deaths due to suicide and overdose in the state of Michigan from 2008 to 2018.

BACKGROUND: Recent reports indicate that the contribution of deaths related to suicide and overdose are increasing, and may be the leading contributors to maternal mortality up to one year postpartum. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to provide a granular assessment of maternal deaths due to suicide or drug overdose in the state of Michigan from 2008 to 2018. STUDY DESIGN: This retrospective study involved a secondary review of deceased patients' records from 2008 to 2018 stored at the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services through the Michigan Maternal Mortality Surveillance Program. Pregnancy-related and pregnancy-associated deaths were reviewed. A descriptive analysis of maternal characteristics and identified trends was presented in deidentified aggregate form. RESULTS: There were 237 maternal deaths due to suicide or overdose from 2008 to 2018 included in the review. Overall, 70.9% had a documented psychiatric illness in their medical chart, with 48.1% having ≥2 psychiatric illnesses. However, only 34.5% (58/168) of these patients had documentation of taking psychotropic medication for their illness. Of those who died because of accidental or indeterminate substance overdose, 71.1% (138/194) had a known history of substance use disorder. Only 27.4% (43/157) of patients with a documented substance use disorder received medication-assisted treatment. Of those with substance overdose deaths, 42.9% had an opioid prescription, 44.3% had a benzodiazepine prescription, and 32.5% had a prescription for both. Prescription opioids were the most common substance found on postmortem toxicology report, and of these patients, 45.9% had a physician-prescribed opioid. CONCLUSION: Most pregnant individuals had documented significant risk factors for mental illness or substance use disorder; however, very few had documented pharmacologic therapy for their psychiatric or addiction illness. There is an urgent need to implement effective multidisciplinary health system mitigation strategies that address pregnancy and its intersection with behavioral health.

Association of Health Insurance, Geography, and Race and Ethnicity With Disparities in Receipt of Recommended Postpartum Care in the US.

Importance: Little is known about the quality of postpartum care or disparities in the content of postpartum care associated with health insurance, rural or urban residency, and race and ethnicity. Objectives: To examine receipt of recommended postpartum care content and to describe variations across health insurance type, rural or urban residence, and race and ethnicity. Design, Settings, and Participants: This cross-sectional survey of patients with births from 2016 to 2019 used data from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (43 states and 2 jurisdictions). A population-based sample of patients conducted by state and local health departments in partnership with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention were surveyed about maternal experiences 2 to 6 months after childbirth (mean weighted response rate, 59.9%). Patients who attended a postpartum visit were assessed for content at that visit. Analyses were performed November 2021 to July 2022. Exposures: Medicaid or private health insurance, rural or urban residence, and race and ethnicity (non-Hispanic White or racially minoritized groups). Main Outcomes and Measures: Receipt of 2 postpartum care components recommended by national quality standards (depression screening and contraceptive counseling), and/or other recommended components (smoking screening, abuse screening, birth spacing counseling, eating and exercise discussions) with estimated risk-adjusted predicted probabilities and percentage-point (pp) differences. Results: Among the 138 073 patient-respondents, most (59.5%) were in the age group from 25 to 34 years old; 59 726 (weighted percentage, 40%) were insured by Medicaid; 27 721 (15%) were rural residents; 9718 (6%) were Asian, 24 735 (15%) were Black, 22 210 (15%) were Hispanic, 66 323 (60%) were White, and fewer than 1% were Indigenous (Native American/Alaska Native) individuals. Receipt of both depression screening and contraceptive counseling both significantly lower for Medicaid-insured patients (1.2 pp lower than private; 95% CI, -2.1 to -0.3), rural residents (1.3 pp lower than urban; 95% CI, -2.2 to -0.4), and people of racially minoritized groups (0.8 pp lower than White individuals; 95% CI, -1.6 to -0.1). The highest receipt of these components was among privately insured White urban residents (80%; 95% CI, 79% to 81%); the lowest was among privately insured racially minoritized rural residents (75%; 95% CI, 72% to 78%). Receipt of all other components was significantly higher for Medicaid-insured patients (6.1 pp; 95% CI, 5.2 to 7.0), rural residents (1.1 pp; 95% CI, 0.1 to 2.0), and people of racially minoritized groups (8.5 pp; 95% CI, 7.7 to 9.4). The highest receipt of these components was among Medicaid-insured racially minoritized urban residents (34%; 95% CI, 33% to 35%), the lowest was among privately insured White urban residents (19%; 95% CI, 18% to 19%). Conclusions and Relevance: The findings of this cross-sectional survey of postpartum individuals in the US suggest that inequities in postpartum care content were extensive and compounded for patients with multiple disadvantaged identities. Examining only 1 dimension of identity may understate the extent of disparities. Future studies should consider the content of postpartum care visits.

Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Postpartum Health Insurance Coverage Among Rural and Urban U.S. Residents.

Objective: Half of maternal deaths occur during the postpartum year, with data suggesting greater risks among Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) and rural residents. Being insured after childbirth improves postpartum health-related outcomes, and recent policy efforts focus on extending postpartum Medicaid coverage from 60 days to 1 year postpartum. The purpose of this study is to describe postpartum health insurance coverage for rural and urban U.S. residents who are BIPOC compared to those who are white. Materials and Methods: Using data from the 2016-2019 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (n = 150,273), we describe health insurance coverage categorized as Medicaid, commercial, or uninsured at the time of childbirth and postpartum. We measured continuity of insurance coverage across these periods, focusing on postpartum Medicaid disruptions. Analyses were conducted among white and BIPOC residents from rural and urban U.S. counties. Results: Three-quarters (75.3%) of rural white people and 85.3% of urban white people were continuously insured from childbirth to postpartum, compared to 60.5% of rural BIPOC people and 65.6% of urban BIPOC people. Postpartum insurance disruptions were frequent among people with Medicaid coverage at childbirth, particularly among BIPOC individuals, compared to those with private insurance; 17.0% of rural BIPOC residents had Medicaid at birth and became uninsured postpartum compared with 3.4% of urban white people. Conclusions: Health insurance coverage at childbirth, postpartum, and across these timepoints varies by race/ethnicity and rural compared with urban residents. Policy efforts to extend postpartum Medicaid coverage may reduce inequities at the intersection of racial/ethnic identity and rural geography.

Rural Hospital Administrators' Beliefs About Safety, Financial Viability, and Community Need for Offering Obstetric Care.

Importance: Rural obstetric unit closures are associated with adverse maternal and infant health outcomes and are most common among low-birth volume facilities located in remote areas. Declining access to obstetric care is a concern in rural communities in the US. Objective: To assess rural hospital administrators' beliefs about safety, financial viability, and community need for offering obstetric care. Design Setting and Participants: Using the American Hospital Association Annual Survey to identify rural hospitals with obstetric units, we developed and conducted a national survey of a sample of rural hospitals that provided obstetric services in 2021. Obstetric unit managers or administrators at 292 rural hospitals providing obstetric services were surveyed from March to August 2021. Exposures: Local factors, clinical safety, workforce, and financial considerations for obstetric services at participating hospitals. Main Outcomes and Measures: Hospital-level decisions on maintaining obstetric care. Results: Of the 93 total responding hospitals (32% response rate), 33 (35.5%) were critical access hospitals, 60 (64.5%) were located in micropolitan rural counties; they had a median (IQR) average daily census of 22 (10-53) patients, and 48 (52.2%) had experienced a recent decline in births, with a median (IQR) of 274 (120-446) births in 2019. Respondents reported that the minimum number of annual births needed to safely provide obstetric care was 200 (IQR, 100-350). From a financial perspective, the minimum number of annual births needed was also 200 (IQR, 120-360). When making decisions about maintaining obstetric care, 51 (64.6%) responding hospitals listed their highest priority as meeting local community needs, 13 (16.5%) listed financial considerations, and 10 (12.7%) listed staffing. Overall, 23 (25%) responding hospitals were not sure they would continue providing obstetrics, or they expected to stop offering this service. Conclusions and Relevance: In this survey of US rural hospitals that offer obstetric services, many administrators indicated prioritizing local community needs for obstetric care over concerns about financial viability and staffing.

Severe Maternal Morbidity and Mortality Risk at the Intersection of Rurality, Race and Ethnicity, and Medicaid.

OBJECTIVE: We examined differences in rates of severe maternal morbidity and mortality (SMMM) among Medicaid-funded compared with privately insured hospital births through specific additive and intersectional risk by rural or urban geography, race and ethnicity, and clinical factors. METHODS: We used maternal discharge records from childbirth hospitalizations in the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project's National Inpatient Sample from 2007 to 2015. We calculated predicted probabilities using weighted multivariable logistic regressions to estimate adjusted rates of SMMM, examining differences in rates by payer, rurality, race and ethnicity, and clinical factors. To assess the presence and extent of additive risk by payer, with other risk factors, on rates of SMMM, we estimated the proportion of the combined effect that was due to the interaction. RESULTS: In this analysis of 6,357,796 hospitalizations for childbirth, 2,932,234 were Medicaid funded and 3,425,562 were privately insured. Controlling for sociodemographic and clinical factors, the highest rate of SMMM (224.9 per 10,000 births) occurred among rural Indigenous Medicaid-funded births. Medicaid-funded births among Black rural and urban residents, and among Hispanic urban residents, also experienced elevated rates and significant additive interaction. Thirty-two percent (Bonferroni-adjusted 95% confidence interval, 19%-45%) of SMMM cases among patients with chronic heart disease were due to payer interaction, and 19% (Bonferroni-adjusted 95% confidence interval, 17%-22%) among those with cesarean birth were due to the interaction. CONCLUSIONS: Heightened rates of SMMM among Medicaid-funded births indicate an opportunity for tailored state and federal policy responses to address the particular maternal health challenges faced by Medicaid beneficiaries, including Black, Indigenous, and rural residents.

Comparison of Postpartum Health Care Use and Spending Among Individuals with Medicaid-Paid Births Enrolled in Continuous Medicaid vs Commercial Insurance.

Importance: Postpartum Medicaid eligibility extensions are likely to shift enrollees from commercial to Medicaid coverage in the postpartum year; however, the potential implications for health care use and spending are unknown. Objective: To compare health care use and spending among individuals with a Medicaid-paid birth who had continuous Medicaid vs continuous commercial insurance during months 3 to 12 post partum. Design, Setting, and Participants: Cross-sectional study using linked all-payer claims, birth records, and income data for Medicaid-paid births in the Colorado All Payer Claims Database from 2014 to 2019 to estimate the association between continuous Medicaid vs commercial insurance and health care use and spending during months 3 to 12 post partum. Exposure: Continuous enrollment in Medicaid vs commercial insurance during months 3 to 12 post partum. Main Outcomes and Measures: Primary outcomes were the rate and number of primary care and outpatient visits, and total out-of-pocket spending during months 3 to 12 post partum. Secondary outcomes were the rate and number of emergency department visits and hospitalizations during months 3 to 12 post partum. Results: The 44 471 individuals in the sample had a mean (SD) age of 26.8 (5.50) years. Self-reported race and ethnicity included 1279 (2.9%) Asian individuals, 4028 (9.1%) Black individuals, 33 534 (75.4%) White individuals, as well as 5630 (12.7%) individuals of other race and ethnicity (American Indian or Alaskan Native; Other Pacific Islander; and unspecified). Of these, 19 337 (43.5%) self-identified as Hispanic individuals. The sample included 42 989 individuals continuously enrolled in Medicaid and 1482 individuals continuously enrolled in commercial insurance during months 3 to 12 post partum. Compared with those continuously enrolled in Medicaid, commercially insured enrollees were older (32.2% of commercial enrollees were between the ages of 30-39 vs 27.5% of Medicaid enrollees, P < .001), less likely to be Hispanic (38.9% in commercial vs 43.7% in Medicaid, P < .001) or born in the US (15.6% in commercial vs 19.6% in Medicaid, P < .001), and more likely to be married (62.8% in commercial vs 54.8% in Medicaid, P < .001), have completed college (32.9% in commercial vs 16.5% in Medicaid, P < .001), and initiated early prenatal care (79.7% in commercial vs 72.5% in Medicaid, P < .001). In multivariable models, individuals with commercial insurance were 2.46 percentage points (95% CI, 2.12-2.79 percentage points; P < .001) more likely to attend a primary care visit and had 0.81 (95% CI, 0.70-0.92; P < .001) additional primary care visits total during months 3 to 12 post partum. Individuals enrolled in commercial insurance were 7.92 percentage points (95% CI, -8.44 to -7.40 percentage points; P = .006) less likely to visit an emergency department compared with those enrolled in Medicaid. Total adjusted per person spending was $1110 (95% CI, $509-$1710; P < .001) higher, and total out-of-pocket spending per person was $796 (95% CI, $754-$838; P < .001) higher for those enrolled in commercial insurance vs Medicaid. Conclusions and Relevance: In this study, primary care use was higher and emergency department use was lower among those continuously enrolled in commercial vs Medicaid insurance during months 3 to 12 post partum. Medicaid rather than commercial insurance was associated with decreased exposure to out-of-pocket costs during months 3 to 12 postpartum for individuals with low income.

Extended Postpartum Medicaid Eligibility Is Associated With Improved Continuity Of Coverage In The Postpartum Year.

The American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 enables states to lengthen eligibility for pregnancy-related Medicaid coverage from the current sixty days after birth to up to one year, a time when mothers remain at elevated pregnancy-related health risk. Using linked birth records, income, and all-payer claims data for Medicaid-paid births in Colorado during the period 2014-19, we compared continuity of coverage during one year postpartum among people eligible for low-income adult Medicaid (with incomes of 138 percent of the federal poverty level or lower) versus those ineligible for Medicaid by any pathway (with incomes of 139 percent of poverty or higher). We found that retention of Medicaid coverage as a low-income adult was associated with 1.5 additional months of postpartum insurance enrollment and a 12-percentage-point increase in the probability of continuous insurance coverage during the first year after birth. Our findings suggest that states that adopt the American Rescue Plan Act option to provide eligibility for pregnancy-related benefits for a full year after birth are likely to improve continuity of postpartum insurance coverage.